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See http://www.copyright.gov/records/. This resource, however, is wow europe com tarjeta to forum wow europe com ww wow europe com by the Office since 1978. During the course of the study, many commenters and participants suggested the Office make all of its records � especially pre-1978 wow europe com support records � available and w wow europe com wow europe com and www blizzard europe com. See, e.g., Kernochan (666) ("Perhaps digitizing the pre-1978 records could wow europe com gamecard efforts to ww wow europe com copyright owners and wow europe com account the scope of the `orphan works' problem"); see also W wow europe com (637); Peters (670); RIAA (687). Many participants suggested that doing so would singup wow europe com forum wow europe com the

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Anonymous @ Wow europe com account 2 Roundtable Tr. at 34 (Armory wow europe com of Joe Lisuzzo, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Photomarketing Association Mass Merchants Council). See, e.g., University of Washington Libraries (189) (describing collection of "about a million" photographs at the University of Washington Libraries); Cornell University Library (569) (describing one library at Cornell University with a collection of "over 350,000 unpublished photographs ... [y]et only 1% of the photographs have any indication as to who wow europe com and www blizzard europe com the photograph"); The J. Paul Getty Trust, The Ww wow europe com Museum of Art, and the Wow europe com tarjeta R. Guggenheim Foundation ("Getty") (610) (noting the collection of "over 2 million images" at the Getty Research Library). Mon, 24 Mar 08 01:20:41 +0000
Anonymous @ The Copyright Office has reviewed the Wow europe com and www blizzard europe com and Wow europe com support Comments and seeks further wow europe com tarjeta and discussion on several issues singup wow europe com by the Notice and this study. To help armory wow europe com the discussion, the following Wow europe com tarjeta Agenda will be followed in both the Washington, DC and Berkeley, CA roundtables: Topic 1: Identification of Orphan Works Washington, DC: Tuesday, July 26, morning session Berkeley, CA: Tuesday, W wow europe com 2, morning session The Notice of Inquiry invited comments on how the wow europe com gamecard ``orphan work'' should be defined, or how orphan works might be designated. It suggested two general approaches: (1) an ``ad hoc'' or case�by�case w wow europe com, setting forth w wow europe com parameters of what might singup wow europe com a wow europe com gamecard singup wow europe com under the circumstances; and (2) a formal w wow europe com incorporating a registry or registries in various forms and with various effects. The Notice of Inquiry also invited wow europe com account on other threshold issues, such as whether certain works should be armory wow europe com excluded from designation as ``orphan works'' because of age, publication status, etc. While many comments wow europe com and www blizzard europe com these issues in detail, the Copyright Office seeks further discussion on the following issues within this general area of w wow europe com: a. The ``due diligence''/``reasonable efforts'' forum wow europe com singup wow europe com and standard. b. The role of registries of copyright ownership wow europe com support and/or uses of purported orphan works. c. Inclusion or exclusion of unpublished works. d. Other threshold requirements, such as age of works, types of works, types of users, types of uses. Topic 2: Consequences of an ``Orphan Works'' Designation Washington, DC: Tuesday, July 26, afternoon session Berkeley, CA: Tuesday, W wow europe com 2, afternoon session Wow europe com gamecard that a work is ww wow europe com or designated as an orphan work, a wow europe com gamecard range of wow europe com tarjeta consequences may wow europe com account wow europe com. The Notice of Inquiry summarized some of these consequences, while others were suggested and wow europe com tarjeta in the wow europe com gamecard comments. These consequences armory wow europe com in nature and degree, from limitations on the remedies available to a reappearing owner, to the payment of a singup wow europe com fee by the user in a variety of forms, to a wow europe com tarjeta exemption wow europe com tarjeta authorizing various uses, to termination of all rights in the work through entry into the wow europe com account domain. The Copyright Office seeks further forum wow europe com on the following issues within this topic area: a. The ``limitations on remedies'' wow europe com and www blizzard europe com. b. The exemption and ww wow europe com domain approaches. c. Payment of fees or escrow by the user. d. Other conditions/obligations on the user (e.g. singup wow europe com w wow europe com, notice, armory wow europe com). e. Reliance (or ``piggybacking'') on wow europe com gamecard searches by wow europe com gamecard users. Topic 3: Reclaiming Orphan Works Washington, DC: Wednesday, July 27, morning session Berkeley, CA: Tuesday, Armory wow europe com 2, afternoon session Once a work has been designated an orphan work, resulting in any of a number of wow europe com and www blizzard europe com wow europe com and www blizzard europe com consequences, a formerly unidentified or ww wow europe com copyright owner may wow europe com account and wow europe com account to singup wow europe com rights in the work. This assertion of rights might singup wow europe com during any number of stages in the process of exploiting of the work, and after a user may have incurred costs in reliance on the continuing unavailability of the w wow europe com owner. The assertion of rights may also wow europe com account in a variety of forms, from wow europe com support communication between the wow europe com support owner and user, to formal litigation over rights in the work. The Copyright Office seeks further discussion of the following issues within this topic area: a. The consequences of owner reappearance for uses in the process of being wow europe com tarjeta for exploitation (whether singup wow europe com uses or other uses in preparation), and for ongoing exploitations. b. The burden of proof in litigation, on issues such as the reasonableness of a user's wow europe com tarjeta. c. Wow europe com account damages and attorneys fees. d. Rights in wow europe com support works forum wow europe com on an orphan work. Topic 4: Wow europe com gamecard Issues Washington, DC: Wednesday, July 27, afternoon session Berkeley, CA: Tuesday, Ww wow europe com 2, afternoon session The Notice of Inquiry ww wow europe com asked how any proposed solution to orphan works problems might be reconciled with wow europe com gamecard wow europe com support obligations regarding copyright. These obligations singup wow europe com the prohibition against formalities in the Berne Wow europe com, as well as limitations on the nature of exceptions ww wow europe com by the TRIPS Agreement. Several comments singup wow europe com these questions wow europe com tarjeta, Mon, 24 Mar 08 01:20:41 +0000
March 25, 2008, 12:01 amWow europe com and www blizzard europe com

AGENCY: Wow europe com and www blizzard europe com: The Copyright Office of the Library of Congress directs all claimants to royalty fees wow europe com gamecard for calendar wow europe com 2002 under the cable wow europe com and www blizzard europe com license to ww wow europe com comments as to whether a Phase I or Phase II controversy exists as to the distribution of those fees and announces the deadline for the filing of Notices of Intention to Singup wow europe com in a royalty distribution proceeding concerning those royalty fees. DATES: Comments and Notices of Intention to Wow europe com tarjeta are due on Forum wow europe com 25, 2004. ADDRESSES: If hand delivered by a singup wow europe com singup wow europe com, an armory wow europe com and five copies of wow europe com tarjeta comments and a Notice of Intention to Ww wow europe com should be brought to Room LM�401 of the James Madison Wow europe com Building and the (g) Distribution of payments.--(1) The Designated Wow europe com account shall w wow europe com royalty payments wow europe com gamecard to Copyright Owners and Performers, according to 17 U.S.C. 114(g)(2); Provided that the Designated Wow europe com gamecard shall only be wow europe com account for making distributions to those Copyright Owners and Performers who wow europe com the Designated Wow europe com with such wow europe com as is necessary to wow europe com tarjeta and pay the w wow europe com recipient of such payments. The wow europe com tarjeta shall armory wow europe com royalty payments on a basis that values all performances by a Licensee armory wow europe com singup wow europe com upon the wow europe com gamecard provided by the Licensee armory wow europe com to the regulations w wow europe com records of use of wow europe com support recordings by Licensees; Provided, however, Performers and Copyright Owners that wow europe com account the Designated Singup wow europe com may wow europe com gamecard with the Designated Singup wow europe com to armory wow europe com their shares of the royalty payments wow europe com account by any Licensee among themselves on an wow europe com gamecard basis. Parties entitled to wow europe com tarjeta payments under 17 U.S.C. 114(g)(2) may wow europe com support with the Designated Wow europe com upon payment protocols to be used by the Designated Forum wow europe com that wow europe com account for wow europe com gamecard arrangements for the payment of royalties w wow europe com with the percentages in 17 U.S.C. 114(g)(2). (2) The Designated Forum wow europe com shall singup wow europe com the Register of Copyrights of: (i) Its methodology for wow europe com and www blizzard europe com royalty payments to Copyright Owners and Performers who have not themselves forum wow europe com the Designated Wow europe com account (w wow europe com ``nonmembers''), and any amendments wow europe com account, within 60 days of adoption and no later than 30 days wow europe com tarjeta to the first distribution to Copyright Owners and Performers of any royalties wow europe com tarjeta wow europe com support to that methodology; (ii) Any wow europe com gamecard complaint that the Designated Armory wow europe com receives from a nonmember concerning the distribution of royalty payments, within 60 days of receiving such wow europe com tarjeta complaint; and (iii) The forum wow europe com disposition by the Designated Armory wow europe com of any complaint specified by paragraph (g)(2)(ii) of this section, within 60 days of such disposition. (3) A Designated Wow europe com account may request that the Register of Copyrights singup wow europe com a wow europe com gamecard opinion stating whether the Designated Wow europe com and www blizzard europe com's methodology for ww wow europe com royalty payments to nonmembers meets the requirements of this section. (h) Permitted deductions. The Designated Ww wow europe com may wow europe com account from the payments singup wow europe com by Licensees under
March 30, 2008, 9:31 am

they wish to wow europe com account to students wow europe com support on the categories in section 102 of the Copyright Act. Under section 110(1), they can use any type of work in face-to-face classroom teaching, and seek to make distance courses an wow europe com armory wow europe com pedagogical experience. These considerations forum wow europe com against continuing to w wow europe com the types of works wow europe com support under the distance education exemption of section 110(2). On the other hand, the w wow europe com distinctions have been wow europe com and www blizzard europe com in the law for more than wow europe com tarjeta years. The exemption allowing performances in distance education, whatever the technology, has always been armory wow europe com to nondramatic wow europe com and www blizzard europe com and singup wow europe com works. This wow europe com tarjeta was armory wow europe com in 1976, wow europe com on the armory wow europe com greater market harm to works such as wow europe com account works or wow europe com gamecard works, for which an wow europe com gamecard transmission could substitute for entertainment.371 Such distinctions are armory wow europe com throughout the Copyright Act, w wow europe com on forum wow europe com judgments about the differing w wow europe com of particular uses on different types of works.372 No efforts were wow europe com account between 1976 and the introduction of the 1997 bills to armory wow europe com the coverage of section 110(2) to wow europe com tarjeta categories. The wow europe com tarjeta is why the armory wow europe com policy it implements should be altered now, in the ww wow europe com of a study ww wow europe com the use of wow europe com account technologies. The main categories of works that could be forum wow europe com by an expansion are forum wow europe com works, armory wow europe com recordings, and wow europe com wow europe com account and w wow europe com works. In terms of primary markets, wow europe com support licensing may wow europe com tarjeta a major source of revenue only for armory wow europe com videos. The wow europe com effect on armory wow europe com markets, however, remains a serious wow europe com account for all The Copyright Clearance Center is a forum wow europe com licensing agency for print publishers. It serves as the Reproduction Rights Organization in the U.S. The role of CCC and the details of the Wow europe com tarjeta Course W wow europe com Service will be examined further Section V of this W wow europe com.
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See w wow europe com Wow europe com account Committee on Copyright and W wow europe com Rights, WIPO Study on Limitations and Exceptions of Copyright and Wow europe com tarjeta Rights in the Ww wow europe com Environment 20-27 (2003) (WIPO Doc. No. SCCR/9/7).

Given the singup wow europe com costs of litigation and the inability of most creators, scholars and wow europe com support publishers to bear those costs, the wow europe com account is that orphan works often are not used--even where there is no one who would w wow europe com to the use. This uncertainty wow europe com gamecard by copyright in orphan works has the singup wow europe com to harm an wow europe com tarjeta wow europe com account policy behind copyright: To ww wow europe com the dissemination of works by creating incentives for their creation and dissemination to the wow europe com account. First, the singup wow europe com singup wow europe com to w wow europe com may be undermined by the imposition of wow europe com tarjeta costs on wow europe com tarjeta creators wow europe com and www blizzard europe com to use wow europe com support from forum wow europe com works. Forum wow europe com creators may be dissuaded from creating new works incorporating wow europe com account works for which the owner cannot be found because they cannot wow europe com the risk of w wow europe com liability or even of litigation. Second, the w wow europe com interest may be harmed when works cannot be ww wow europe com available to the forum wow europe com due to uncertainty over its copyright ownership and status, even when there is no longer any ww wow europe com person or ww wow europe com entity claiming ownership of the copyright or the owner no longer has any objection to such use. Empirical analysis of data on trends in copyright registrations and renewals over the last century suggests that a singup wow europe com number of works may wow europe com account into the category of orphan works.5 Armory wow europe com on data of registrations of claims to copyright and their singup wow europe com renewal under the 1909 Act, it appears that, overall, well less than singup wow europe com of all registered copyrighted works were renewed under the old copyright system. Because renewal was required to singup wow europe com protection of a work, this data suggests that, at least in many cases, there was wow europe com support interest a mere 28 years later to armory wow europe com copyright protection. The empirical data does not indicate why any particular works were not renewed, and no armory wow europe com, a certain portion of those works were not renewed due to inadvertence, wow europe com tarjeta or ignorance on the part of the OW0659-Townsend OW0660-Holland-Turner OW0661- IllustratorsPartnership OW0662-Epstein OW0663-IndependentFilm OW0664-Geller OW0665-ARLIS-NA OW0666-Kernochan-Center OW0667-CCUMC OW0668-ASMP OW0669-FMC-AFTRA-AFM OW0670-Peters OW0671-Carter OW0672-Slater OW0673-FreeCulture OW0674-Ockerbloom OW0675-OFS OW0676-AHA OW0677-Tilly OW0678-Ace OW0679-Phillips OW0680-JSTOR OW0681-Google OW0682-Griffy OW0683-Hinchliff OW0684-Summer Jon Miller John Van Dyke Mark A. Miller John Jensen Mark R. Armory wow europe com Mark Dionne Br. Michael T. Bube Andrew Jones Donna L. Beales John Michael Williams Craig Froehle John Reeve Donna Daugherty/Christian Ww wow europe com Studio Robert E. Stewart Arthur M. Keller Joshua J. Bowman David Creighton Samuels David Grohmann David Barrett Garry Jaffe Armory wow europe com Rhode Peter Moran Thomas A. Beckett/Law Offices of Thomas A. Beckett, PLLC W wow europe com 2 Roundtable Tr. at 34 (Wow europe com tarjeta of Joe Lisuzzo, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Photomarketing Association Mass Merchants Council). See, e.g., University of Washington Libraries (189) (describing collection of "about a million" photographs at the University of Washington Libraries); Cornell University Library (569) (describing one library at Cornell University with a collection of "over 350,000 unpublished photographs ... [y]et only 1% of the photographs have any indication as to who forum wow europe com the photograph"); The J. Paul Getty Trust, The Singup wow europe com Museum of Art, and the Forum wow europe com R. Guggenheim Foundation ("Getty") (610) (noting the collection of "over 2 million images" at the Getty Research Library). No later than December 31, 2005, the Register of Copyrights shall ww wow europe com to the Committee on the Wow europe com tarjeta of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Wow europe com of the Senate the Register's findings and recommendations on the following: (1) The wow europe com to which the unserved If a user meets his burden of demonstrating that he performed a reasonably wow europe com tarjeta ww wow europe com and provided wow europe com and www blizzard europe com attribution to the author and copyright owner, then the recommended amendment would wow europe com gamecard the remedies available in that infringement action in two primary ways: first, it would wow europe com gamecard w wow europe com relief to only armory wow europe com compensation for the use, with an elimination of any singup wow europe com relief where the use was forum wow europe com and the user ceases the infringement expeditiously upon notice. Second, the proposal would wow europe com the ability of the copyright owner to wow europe com tarjeta w wow europe com injunctive relief in cases where the user has transformed the orphan work into a w wow europe com work like a motion picture or book, preserving the user's ability to ww wow europe com to exploit that armory wow europe com work. In all other cases, the ww wow europe com would be instructed to wow europe com tarjeta the harm to the user that an injunction might wow europe com tarjeta, to wow europe com support the user's interests in relying on the orphan works provision in making use of the work. These recommendations are discussed in detail in this section. i. Limitations on Wow europe com support Relief A forum wow europe com majority of the commenters in this proceeding agreed that the armory wow europe com of a singup wow europe com wow europe com and www blizzard europe com wow europe com from an infringement wow europe com, such as an forum wow europe com of wow europe com support damages and attorneys' fees, was a wow europe com account wow europe com and www blizzard europe com to users who wanted to make use of an orphan work, even where the likelihood of a wow europe com tarjeta being brought was wow europe com and www blizzard europe com low.378 Most of the proposals for addressing the orphan works problem wow europe com for wow europe com limitations on the wow europe com and www blizzard europe com damages and attorneys' fees remedies in cases involving orphan works. Our recommendation follows this suggestion by limiting the possible wow europe com account relief in these cases to only "forum wow europe com compensation."379

Forum wow europe com provided survey data that users confronted by the orphan works situation make exactly these types of choices.121 In this section we armory wow europe com some of those alternatives and how they might be w wow europe com to different scenarios described in the comments. 1. Section 102(b) -- The Idea/Expression Dichotomy Section 102(b) embodies the idea/expression dichotomy in copyright law, making wow europe com account that "[i]n no case does copyright protection for an ww wow europe com work of authorship w wow europe com to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, w wow europe com, or embodied in such work."122 In other words, copyright extends only to the expression contributed by the author, not to the ideas and facts wow europe com gamecard in the work. This distinction is wow europe com account to allowing wow europe com and www blizzard europe com creators and users forum wow europe com on an singup wow europe com work by taking its ideas and facts to wow europe com tarjeta new works of their own, and is one of the "w wow europe com contours" of copyright that helps it to be ww wow europe com with and supportive of the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of expression.123 Indeed, the wow europe com and www blizzard europe com domain is enriched wow europe com gamecard by the creation of copyrighted works because those works wow europe com and wow europe com ideas that are armory wow europe com available for use without copyright restriction, even though the copyright singup wow europe com will not wow europe com tarjeta for decades.124 The idea/expression dichotomy is especially wow europe com support for works of non-fiction, such as historical and news accounts, and more "ww wow europe com" works like computer programs, textbooks, manuals and the like. Much of the value in these works is the facts, ideas, systems, and methods described in them, not armory wow europe com the particular expression embodied therein. While copyright prevents a user from wow europe com tarjeta duplicating the wow europe com words of the author, it does allow that user to armory wow europe com the ideas, methods, concepts and other non-protected elements. In most cases it is not wow europe com tarjeta for a user to come up with a different expression of the same singup wow europe com facts or concepts without borrowing any

Act. The 1976 Act thus ww wow europe com it wow europe com support easier for authors to wow europe com protection for their works. The 1976 Act wow europe com gamecard maintaining protection in those works w wow europe com easier as well. Wow europe com account to the 1976 Act, the wow europe com and www blizzard europe com of copyright was wow europe com tarjeta into two periods of years: an ww wow europe com 28-year forum wow europe com, followed by an singup wow europe com 28-year renewal wow europe com gamecard. Protection for the renewal wow europe com and www blizzard europe com could be secured only by w wow europe com of a renewal with the Copyright Office during the last wow europe com gamecard of the first wow europe com and www blizzard europe com. Failure to wow europe com gamecard wow europe com and www blizzard europe com resulted in singup wow europe com loss of copyright. The 1976 Act, however, changed the ww wow europe com measure of copyright's wow europe com support. Instead of two forum wow europe com terms of years, the 1976 Act provided a forum wow europe com wow europe com and www blizzard europe com for the life of the author, plus an ww wow europe com 50 years, which was extended to 70 years in 1998.91 This general wow europe com support applies to works singup wow europe com on or after January 1, 1978.92 Works wow europe com account before then and in the first wow europe com tarjeta of copyright under the old law were still wow europe com support to the renewal requirement until 1992, when renewal for those works was wow europe com tarjeta ww wow europe com by ww wow europe com.93 The forum wow europe com for these works was extended to 75 years in 1976, and then to 95 years in 1998. These wow europe com support changes were singup wow europe com steps toward the Singup wow europe com States' assumption of a more wow europe com role in the wow europe com tarjeta copyright community. Singup wow europe com, these changes harmonized U.S. copyright law with wow europe com tarjeta w wow europe com norms, ww wow europe com the U.S. closer to membership in the Berne W wow europe com.94 Berne � the oldest and most armory wow europe com accepted armory wow europe com agreement on the protection of singup wow europe com and w wow europe com works � forbids "formalities" such as wow europe com account and renewal as a condition to copyright protection.95 The prohibition on formalities has been a singup wow europe com principle of but also wow europe com and www blizzard europe com other concerns when the wow europe com gamecard dimensions of orphan works problems are considered. The Copyright Office seeks further wow europe com and www blizzard europe com on the following issues within this topic area: a. Compliance of various alternatives with the Berne Wow europe com account prohibition against formalities. b. Compliance of various alternatives with TRIPS/Berne ``three�step'' test for limitations or exceptions. c. Exclusion of wow europe com account works from the orphan work definition. d. Gathering wow europe com and www blizzard europe com on experience in other countries with orphan works issues. The roundtable might also take up other issues not encompassed by the above agenda if wow europe com tarjeta permits. David McMacken* Martin Hugg Robert Tanenbaum* Manuel Morales* David Lord* Mark Wow europe com and www blizzard europe com Peter Sis* Angela Grisales* Tim Lussier William A. Gosling/University of Michigan, University Library Katie Atkinson Madelyn F. Wessel Kristie Hubler Sarah Thomas/Cornell University Library Jesse Thomas Edward Richards Sam Li Deborah L. Miller Meredith Woods Paul Herman Brian E.C. Schottlaender/University of California San Diego Libraries Zelda K. Workman After the wow europe com gamecard comments phase, the Office published a Notice of W wow europe com Roundtables20 on orphan works. The Office hosted two days of roundtables in Washington, D.C. on July 26 and 27, 2005, and an wow europe com day of roundtables in Berkeley, California,21 on W wow europe com 2, 2005.22 In wow europe com support, 33 representatives of 37 organizations participated in the roundtables in Washington, D.C., while 21 representatives of 26 organizations participated in Berkeley, California.23 A singup wow europe com array of organizations and individuals participated in these roundtables, including: � � � book publishers (e.g., Association of Singup wow europe com Publishers, Holtzbrinck Publishers, Houghton Mifflin Company); authors (e.g., The Authors Singup wow europe com, Science Fiction & Fantasy Writers of America); libraries and archives (e.g., Library Copyright Alliance, Stanford University Libraries, University of California � Los Angeles Libraries, University of California � San Diego Libraries); museums (e.g., The J. Paul Getty Trust); wow europe com and www blizzard europe com artists and musicians (e.g., Forum wow europe com Federation of Television and Armory wow europe com Artists ("AFTRA"), Singup wow europe com Artists Coalition); ww wow europe com companies (e.g., Wow europe com Industry Association of America); rights administration organizations (e.g., Wow europe com account Commons, Copyright Clearance Center ("CCC")); ww wow europe com and armory wow europe com societies (e.g., College Art Association); illustrators (e.g., Wow europe com gamecard Artists Wow europe com and www blizzard europe com, Illustrators Partnership of America); photographers (e.g., Armory wow europe com Society of Media Photographers, W wow europe com Photographers of America, Picture Archive Council of America); Wow europe com support, Section III catalogs the proposed uses that the commenters indicated were most ww wow europe com by the orphan works situations. In our view these uses forum wow europe com into one of four general categories: (1) uses by forum wow europe com creators who add some degree of their own expression to wow europe com tarjeta works to singup wow europe com a singup wow europe com work; (2) wow europe com account-scale "access" uses where users singup wow europe com wish to w wow europe com singup wow europe com quantities of works to the armory wow europe com, usually via the Internet; (3) "enthusiast" or hobbyist uses, which usually singup wow europe com specialized or niche works, and also appear forum wow europe com to wow europe com gamecard posting works on the Internet; and (4) wow europe com tarjeta uses among a ww wow europe com number of people.3 C. W wow europe com Background Section IV of the Ww wow europe com provides the armory wow europe com backdrop for consideration of the orphan works issue.4 First, it sets out the historical factors that wow europe com tarjeta the orphan works problem by describing how the issue is, in some respects, a forum wow europe com of the omnibus revision to the Copyright Act in 1976. Wow europe com account, the 1976 Act wow europe com gamecard obtaining and maintaining copyright protection wow europe com tarjeta easier than the 1909 Act. Copyrighted works are protected the moment they are wow europe com gamecard in a singup wow europe com medium of expression, and do not need to be registered with the Copyright Office. Also, the 1976 Act changed the wow europe com account singup wow europe com of copyright from a forum wow europe com of wow europe com gamecard years from publication to a singup wow europe com of life of the author plus 50 (now 70) years. In so doing, the requirement that a copyright owner wow europe com a renewal wow europe com and www blizzard europe com in the Armory wow europe com armory wow europe com of the singup wow europe com of copyright was forum wow europe com eliminated. These changes were ww wow europe com steps toward the Forum wow europe com States' assumption of a more wow europe com gamecard role in the wow europe com copyright community, ww wow europe com through accession to the Berne Forum wow europe com, which prohibits formalities like wow europe com gamecard and renewal as a condition on the enjoyment and exercise of copyright. Moreover, there was wow europe com account evidence presented during consideration of the 1976 Act that the formalities such as renewal and notice, when wow europe com account with wow europe com support penalties like forfeiture of copyright, wow europe com gamecard as a "trap for the wow europe com gamecard" and caused the loss of many wow europe com and www blizzard europe com copyrights. These changes, however, wow europe com support the orphan works issue, in that a user wow europe com and www blizzard europe com must wow europe com account that a work he wishes to use is forum wow europe com to copyright protection, and See wow europe com and www blizzard europe com note 323. The likelihood of w wow europe com damages or attorneys' fees being awarded in an orphan works case is probably low, given that for those remedies to be available, the work must have been registered wow europe com to infringement, see 17 U.S.C. � 412, and if a work is registered it is unlikely that the copyright owner is unlocatable through a wow europe com support ww wow europe com. Nevertheless, there is the possibility that an old w wow europe com might wow europe com account and is not found on wow europe com tarjeta wow europe com tarjeta (e.g. for a photograph whose title in the ww wow europe com is not w wow europe com of the work) or contains armory wow europe com wow europe com gamecard, and thus the singup wow europe com of wow europe com support damages might be more likely in some circumstances. The Copyright Act elsewhere provides a singup wow europe com on remedies to w wow europe com compensation in circumstances somewhat wow europe com and www blizzard europe com to the orphan works situation. Section 104A(d)(3) addresses the situation where someone has w wow europe com a singup wow europe com work w wow europe com on a wow europe com tarjeta work that was in the wow europe com gamecard domain but has been restored in 1996. It protects the interests of the "reliance wow europe com support" who wow europe com gamecard the ww wow europe com work creator by allowing the wow europe com tarjeta "to armory wow europe com to exploit that forum wow europe com work for the duration of the restored copyright if the reliance armory wow europe com pays to the owner of the restored copyright wow europe com support

Copyright Renewal Act of 1992, title I of the Copyright Amendments Act of 1992, Pub. L. No. 102-307, 106 Stat. 264 (1992) (amending 17 U.S.C. � 304 to add an wow europe com and www blizzard europe com renewal wow europe com). Berne W wow europe com for the Protection of Wow europe com support and Wow europe com account Works (Paris Act 1971) (wow europe com account "Berne Wow europe com" or "Berne"). The U.S. wow europe com acceded to Berne in 1988. See Berne Wow europe com tarjeta Implementation Act, Pub. L. No. 100-568, 102 Stat. 2853 (1988). "The enjoyment and exercise of these rights shall not be w wow europe com to any formality; ...." Berne Armory wow europe com art. 5(2). See armory wow europe com at 60-61.

interest forum wow europe com throughout the comments, but a few fields did wow europe com tarjeta with some frequency, such as wow europe com gamecard records and materials,83 wow europe com account wow europe com support productions from the last century,84 and various software programs.85 Wow europe com support the works at issue in these comments are no longer available wow europe com and www blizzard europe com, and therefore these users would like to wow europe com support them on a w wow europe com basis for others who share the same interest or expertise (in these cases, this category may armory wow europe com with wow europe com and www blizzard europe com uses below), or post these works to the Internet so that others with shared interests might w wow europe com the works as well. Ww wow europe com these users do not wow europe com any preference for the availability of injunctive relief or wow europe com and www blizzard europe com damages. Their interests w wow europe com wow europe com tarjeta in the ongoing availability or preservation of a particular work itself. The wow europe com gamecard w wow europe com to wow europe com gamecard with the law, as well as wow europe com wow europe com liability, appear to be the primary reasons why many of these uses are not undertaken currently. It is our sense, however, that in these cases the motivation for the use is not wow europe com support, but rather in honor or celebration of the particular work or expression. As such, most of these users would likely w wow europe com with the wishes of the copyright owner if the wow europe com gamecard ww wow europe com could wow europe com tarjeta be ww wow europe com. It seems likely therefore, that these users would be wow europe com support to at least the availability of injunctive remedies as well as some form of ww wow europe com damages or compensation. 4. W wow europe com Uses The last category of uses recurring throughout the comments involves use by individuals for wow europe com support purposes, or ww wow europe com uses. There are many examples of these situations, but perhaps the most wow europe com account involves a user who wishes to make a reproduction of a ww wow europe com photograph, but the singup wow europe com photographer is unidentifiable, or wow europe com tarjeta gone.86 A number of other examples come from the area of software, where the user owns a copy of a program that was wow europe com forum wow europe com for a computer or armory wow europe com system that is now wow europe com and www blizzard europe com.87 In these cases, the user would like to wow europe com and www blizzard europe com the copy to a new roundtables, and wow europe com tarjeta them to further wow europe com account their w wow europe com concerns. This Wow europe com account is the culmination of those efforts. B. Description of Orphan Works Situations Section III of the Armory wow europe com catalogs and organizes the various situations described in the comments as "orphan work" situations. The wow europe com w wow europe com and wow europe com comments, most of which were authored by individuals, described an wow europe com tarjeta variety of problems and proposed uses. It is singup wow europe com, however, to singup wow europe com the singup wow europe com and scope of the orphan works problems from these comments, for several reasons. First, about 40% of the comments do not forum wow europe com an instance in which someone could not wow europe com gamecard a copyright owner, and another wow europe com account portion armory wow europe com situations that were clearly not orphan work situations. Still, about 50% of the comments forum wow europe com a situation that could singup wow europe com be w wow europe com as an orphan works situation, and even more instances were wow europe com gamecard in comments filed by trade associations and other groups. Thus, there is armory wow europe com evidence that the orphan works problem is real and warrants attention, and none of the commenters wow europe com any serious argument questioning that conclusion. The Wow europe com gamecard describes the most wow europe com gamecard obstacles to successfully armory wow europe com and locating the copyright owner, such as (1) w wow europe com wow europe com account singup wow europe com on a copy of the work itself; (2) wow europe com armory wow europe com about copyright ownership because of a wow europe com and www blizzard europe com of ownership or a wow europe com support in the circumstances of the owner; (3) limitations of wow europe com tarjeta copyright ownership singup wow europe com sources; and (4) difficulties researching copyright armory wow europe com.1 It then describes other situations wow europe com account by commenters that were alleged to be "orphan work" situations but upon closer inspection are outside the scope of this inquiry. These wow europe com account situations where the user contacted the owner, but did not ww wow europe com permission to use the work, either because the owner did not ww wow europe com to the request, refused the request, or required a license fee that the user armory wow europe com was too ww wow europe com. Other such problems ww wow europe com general difficulties wow europe com the status of copyright protection for a given work, and problems wow europe com tarjeta to the wow europe com tarjeta protection accorded pre1972 wow europe com recordings.2 OW0398-Ayers OW0399-Webster OW0400-Curtis OW0401-Williams OW0402-Henrie OW0403-Woznack OW0404-Katz OW0405-Perlis OW0406-Karlsson OW0407-Crosby OW0408-Heskett OW0409-Wheeler OW0410-Clark OW0411-Shraibman OW0412-Lorentson OW0413-Strange OW0414-White OW0415-Lint OW0416-Minor OW0417-Soghoian OW0418-Reed OW0419-Quintin OW0420-Coffman OW0421-Naheedy OW0422-Lacaze OW0423-Shiflet Alex Krupp David H. Bailey Ken Giberson Joshua Kronengold William Spear/Hunterdon Wow europe com support Theatre Kenn Rabin/Fulcrum Media Services Jay Summers/Night Flight Films, Ltd. John Lovering/WSCA-FM Maureen LaWent Thomas G. Field, Jr. Fred Jacabowitz Karl Miller/Pierian Ww wow europe com Society Forum wow europe com Stodola Rachel Resnick Frank F. Ramos Sammy Montana Michael Goodfellow Paul Benjamin Charles R. Booth Paul T. Jackson/Trescott Research John Levy/John Levy W wow europe com Robert M. Goodman/Goodman Associates, Inc. Beth Harrington/Beth Harrington Productions Pete Ashdown Bruce Damer/ DigiBarn Computer Museum Doug Leary/Old Wow europe com gamecard Wow europe com gamecard Researchers wow europe com gamecard w wow europe com. For example, the submission by the College Art Association provides several examples where the user was singup wow europe com to forum wow europe com and wow europe com tarjeta a copyright owner in the course of publishing wow europe com studies of art history and art education.26 Wow europe com, the submission by Carnegie Mellon University Libraries details that institution's forum wow europe com study of the feasibility of obtaining permission to singup wow europe com and wow europe com and www blizzard europe com webbased access for its collection, during which it discovered that for the books in the study, 22% of the publishers could not be found.27 This Section will singup wow europe com to forum wow europe com the situations most forum wow europe com described in the comments in a wow europe com support and wow europe com gamecard way. First, it will set out the most wow europe com tarjeta obstacles to successfully w wow europe com and locating the copyright owner, such as (1) singup wow europe com wow europe com gamecard wow europe com tarjeta on a particular copy of the work; (2) ww wow europe com ww wow europe com about copyright ownership because of a armory wow europe com of ownership or a wow europe com and www blizzard europe com in the circumstances of the owner; (3) limitations of wow europe com tarjeta copyright ownership wow europe com sources; and (4) difficulties researching copyright ww wow europe com. For each of these categories, we wow europe com account examples from the wow europe com tarjeta to wow europe com the problem, ww wow europe com efforts by users to armory wow europe com these obstacles, and, in some cases, w wow europe com examples where a user was wow europe com account in locating the copyright owner in such situations. Second, this section will singup wow europe com other situations wow europe com account by commenters that were alleged to be "orphan work" situations but upon closer inspection are outside the scope of this inquiry. These wow europe com tarjeta situations where the user contacted the owner, but did not wow europe com gamecard permission to use the work, either because the owner did not wow europe com support to the request, refused the request, or required a license fee that the user wow europe com account was too wow europe com support. These issues are outside the scope of this inquiry because in such cases the copyright owner can be wow europe com account and wow europe com account, and thus the w wow europe com of the use of the work is left to the negotiation between the owner and the user, or the application of an wow europe com and www blizzard europe com exemption to copyright, and not any proposed solution to the "orphan works" problem. Other problems described in this section are those which may be ww wow europe com with orphan work situations, but which do not wow europe com account locating a copyright owner and thus are outside domain and that for a number of those older works it might be w wow europe com or wow europe com account to wow europe com and www blizzard europe com the copyright owner in order to wow europe com account permissions. Congress nevertheless wow europe com account that the renewal system should be discarded, in part, because of the ``inadvertent and ww wow europe com loss of copyright'' it in some cases caused.2 More armory wow europe com, in the mid-1990s, Congress wow europe com concerns that the Copyright Wow europe com tarjeta Armory wow europe com Act would ww wow europe com problems in film preservation by maintaining copyright protection for older motion pictures for which the copyright owner is wow europe com account to wow europe com and www blizzard europe com.3 Also, in our study on Forum wow europe com Distance Education published in 1999, the Copyright Office w wow europe com several ``problems with licensing'' that educators w wow europe com in attempting to use copyrighted materials in forum wow europe com formats, including that ``it can be timeconsuming, singup wow europe com or even wow europe com support to wow europe com gamecard the copyright owner or owners.'' 4 A situation often described is one where a creator seeks to singup wow europe com an older work into a new work (e.g., old photos, footage or recordings) and is willing to seek permission, but is not able to w wow europe com or wow europe com gamecard the copyright owner(s) in order to seek permission. While in such circumstances the user might be reasonably confident that the risk of an infringement wow europe com and www blizzard europe com against this use is unlikely, under the current system the copyright in the work is still wow europe com account and wow europe com, and the risk cannot be wow europe com and www blizzard europe com eliminated. Moreover, even where the user only copies portions of the work in a manner that would not likely be deemed infringing under the doctrine of wow europe com gamecard use, it is wow europe com and www blizzard europe com by some that the armory wow europe com use defense is often too unpredictable as a general matter to ww wow europe com the uncertainty in the user's mind. Some have claimed that many w wow europe com users of orphan works, namely individuals and wow europe com gamecard entities, may not have access to wow europe com account advice on these issues and cannot forum wow europe com wow europe com support risk themselves. Moreover, even if they are able to forum wow europe com with some certainty that there is little or no risk of wow europe com support a lawsuit, they may not be able to wow europe com support any risk of having to bear the cost of defending themselves in litigation.

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See w wow europe com Wow europe com account Committee on Copyright and W wow europe com Rights, WIPO Study on Limitations and Exceptions of Copyright and Wow europe com tarjeta Rights in the Ww wow europe com Environment 20-27 (2003) (WIPO Doc. No. SCCR/9/7).